The crisis of the “Liberal International Order” and the challenges from China and Russia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.403Аннотация
The concept of “Liberal International Order” (LIO) is one of the most popular in contemporary international relations. LIO received global recognition and became a key factor of international politics after the Second World War. Studies of the LIO have gone through periods of peaks and valleys since the Second World War. Nowadays, the studies are once again at the epicenter of political discussions. Academic studies of the LIO face difficult challenges since the concept has found itself in a ‘grey zone’ between two well-established disciplines — political science and economics. Two factors, which signaled a deep crisis of the LIO are: 1) disaffection of people living in Western democracies in multiple negative effects of globalization; 2) the progressive rising of powers such as China and Russia, whose political regimes are currently defined as illiberal. For many states in different parts of the world, the LIO did not generate prosperity for a majority of their population. Rather it led to an economically painful transformation from previous socio-economic systems as well as rising inequality. Member states of BRICS and of SCO have been and still are more respectful of the principles of the traditional Liberal International Order than the USA and western European countries. China currently is promoting a non-Western version of globalization, but it is still globalization with low customs barriers and the free movement of people, services and capital.
Ключевые слова:
Liberal International Order, BRICS, International Political Economy, Neo-Marxism, embedded liberalism
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Tkachenko, S. (2017), International Political Economy, in Russia and the World. Understanding International Relations, ed. by Tsvetkova, N.Rowman & Littlefield Publ., pp. 79–102.
Bloomfield, A. and Scott, S.V. (eds) (2018), Norm Antripreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change. Abingdon: Routledge.
Ellis, D.C. (2009), On the Possibility of ‘International Community’, International Studies Review, vol. 11, iss. 1, pp. 1–26.
Ikenberry, J.G. and Deudney, D. (2018), Liberal World, Foreign Affairs, July/August, pp. 16–24.
Ikenberry, G.J. (2018), The end of liberal international order? International Affairs, vol. 94, iss. 1, pp. 7–23
Acharya, A. (2018), Asia after the liberal international order, July 10. Available at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/07/10/asia-after-the-liberal-international-order/ (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Mearsheimer, J. (2019), Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order, International Security, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 7–50.
Ruggie, J.G. (1982), International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, International Organization, vol. 36, iss. 2, pp. 379–415.
Barnett, M.N. (2019), The End of a Liberal International Order That Never Existed, The Global: Research project of the Graduate Institute, Geneva. Available at: https://theglobal.blog/2019/04/16/the-end-ofa-liberal-international-order-that-never-existed/ (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Kagan, R. (2013), The world America made. New York: Vintage.
Speck, U. (2016), The crisis of liberal order, The American Interest, September 12.
Boyle, M.J. (2016), The coming illiberal era, Survival, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 35–66.
Ikenberry, G.J. (2011), Liberal Leviathan: the origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Acharya, A. (2014), The end of American world order. Cambridge: Polity.
Sandholtz, W. (2009), Explaining International Norm Change, in International Norms and Cycles of Change, ed. by Sandholtz, W. and Stiles, K. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pр. 1–26.
Schneiker, A. (2020), Norm Sabotage: Conceptual Reflection on a Phenomenon That Challenges Well-Established Norms, International Studies Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekaa003.
De’Robertis, A.G. (2015), La Russia, I BRICS e L’Ordone Internazionale. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura.
Kahler, M. (2013), Rising Powers and Global Governance: Negotiating Change in a Resilient Status Quo, International Affairs, vol. 89, iss. 3, pp. 381–396.
Tkachenko, S. (2020), BRICS and Development Alternatives, in Bianchini, S. and Fiori, A. (eds), Rekindling the Strong State in Russia and China: Domestic Dynamics and Foreign Policy Projections. Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 271–297.
Allison, G. (2017), Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? London: Scribe.
Wallerstein, I. (1974), The Rise and Future of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, Comparative Studies and History, vol. 16, pp. 387–415.
Jones, B. (2020), China and the return of great power strategic competition. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/china-and-the-return-of-great-powerstrategic-competition (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Keohane, R.O. (2012), Twenty Years of Institutional Liberalism, International Relations, vol. 26, iss. 2, pp. 125–138.
Lind, M. (2017), The new system that emerges from today’s domestic and geopolitical turmoil is likely to be an updated version of liberal world order, not its negation, The National Interest, September 5. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/theres-no-such-thing-the-liberal-world-order-22177 (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Parsi, V.E. (2018), Titanic. Il naufragio dell’ordine liberale. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Bush, G. and Scowcroft, B. (1998), A World Transformed. New York: Vintage book. Вестник СПбГУ. Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 13. Вып. 4 477
Hendrickson, D.C. (1994), The Recovery of Internationalism, Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, pp. 26–27.
President Clinton Signs PDD Establishing “U. S.Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations” (1994), Presidential Decision Directives, May 5. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd25.htm (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Ignatius, D. (1991), Innocence abroad: the new world of spyless coup, Washington Post, September 22.
Wolf, M. (2018), Davos: The liberal international order is sick, Financial Times, January 23.
Luce, E. (2017), The retreat of western liberalism. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Emmott, B. (2017), The fate of the West: the battle to save the world’s most successful political idea. New York: Public Affairs.
Dingwerth, K. and Pattberg, P. (2010), Global Governance as a Perspective on World Politics, Global Governance, vol. 12, iss. 2, pp. 185–203.
Zhang, X. (2017), Chinese Capitalism and the Maritime Silk Road: A World-Systems Perspective, Geopolitics, vol. 22, iss. 2, pp. 310–331.
Trenin, D. (2006), Russia leave the West, Foreign Affairs, July-August, pp. 45–58.
O’Neill, J. (2001), Building Better Global Economic BRICs, Goldman Sachs Global Economic Paper, no. 66.
Dmitry Medvedev’s Statement for Press after First BRIC Summit, 2009, June 16. Available at: http:// kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/4475 (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Xi Jinping. Statement for press. Russia-China Summit, Moscow, 2013, March 22. Available at: http:// kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/17728 (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Vladimir Putin’s Statement of the President of Russian Federation at G-20 Osaka Summit, 2019, June 28. Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60846 (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Narendra Modi. Prime Minister Modi’s Remarks at RIC Trilateral Meeting in Osaka, Japan, 2019, June 28. Available at: https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-s-opening-remarks-at-the-informal-summit-ofrussia-india-china-ric-leaders-on-the-margins-of-g-20-summit-2019-545490 (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Xi Jinping says China, Russia and India should take ‘global responsibility’ to protect interests (2019), South China Morning Post, June 29, p. 1.
Yafei, H. (2017), Globalization isn’t doomed. It’s evolving, with China as a leader, Huffington Post, January 4. Available at: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/globalization-china-leader_b_586bcee0e4b0d9a59 45c8b2a (аccessed: 20.08.2020).
Stephen, M.D. (2017), Emerging Powers and Emerging Trends in Global Governance, Global Governance, vol. 23, iss. 3, p. 483–502.
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
