Sanctions against Iran: Lessons for Russia in the new international context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.404Abstract
The escalation of sanctions pressure and the expansion of the range of sanctions used against Russia provides for understanding the importance of studying international experience in countering restrictive measures. The article discusses the features of the application of sanctions against Iran, their impact on the economy of the state, as well as the mechanisms and ways of its adaptation to the restrictive measures of Western countries. The authors identify typological similarities, in view of which the study of the Iranian experience is significant for Russia, and differences that deserve attention in terms of understanding Russia’s capabilities in this area. Iran has been under sanctions for several decades, large-scale and numerous restrictions have been applied against it. The nuclear deal contributed to eased sanctions pressure for a short period only, proving that such agreements on concessions by the target country in response to the lifting of restrictions by the initiating states are not always sustainable. As a result of the analysis, the main stages of imposing sanctions against Iran are defined. The authors highlight the trend towards sanctions against the energy and financial sector and its constant tightening, as well as the increasing number of participants in the coalition of initiating countries and the UN Security Council resolution on measures against Iran. The UN Security Council sanctions are viewed as serious measures in terms of foreign policy implications. In addition, the authors reveal the key elements of Iran’s policy in the field of countering restrictive measures and adapting the economy to them. Measures related to structural changes in the economy, optimization of the social sphere, use of imperfection of sanctions regimes, diversification of international partners are indicated as such components. Thus, Iran’s experience in adapting to sanctions can rather be characterized as successful and relevant for Russia, despite the different starting positions.
Keywords:
sanctions, Iran, UN Security Council, countermeasures, Russia
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References
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Executive Order 12170 of November 11, 1979: Blocking Iranian Government property, Office of the Federal Register. Available at: https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12170. html (accessed: 23.09.2022).
Executive Order 12205 of April 17, 1980: Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Iran, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/Executive%20Order%2012205.pdf (accessed: 23.09.2022).
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Executive Order 12282 of January 19, 1981: Revocation of Prohibitions Against Transactions involving Iran, Office of the Federal Register. Available at: https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12282.html (accessed: 23.09.2022).
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Executive Order 13902 of January 10, 2020: Imposing Sanctions with Respect to Additional Sectors of Iran, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Available at: https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/126/13902.pdf (accessed: 23.09.2022).
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Saul, J. and Kasolowsky, R. (2010), Iran feels sanctions heat at UAE ports, Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-emirates-shipping/iran-feels-sanctions-heat-at-uae-ports-idUSTRE6721I520100803 (accessed: 23.09.2022).
Irish, J. and Alkousaa, R. (2019), Skirting U.S. sanctions, Europeans open new trade channel to Iran, Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-sanctions-eu/germany-france-britain-tolaunch-mechanism-for-trade-with-iran-idUSKCN1PP0K3 (accessed: 23.09.2022).
JCPOA: Chair’s Statement following the meeting of the Joint Commission on 26 February 2020, European External Action Service. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/75190/jcpoa-chairs-statement-following-meeting-joint-commission_en (accessed: 23.09.2022).
Press release on 27 February 2020: United States and Switzerland Finalize the Swiss Humanitarian Trade Arrangement, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Available at: https://home.treasury.gov/news/pressreleases/sm919 (accessed: 23.09.2022).
General License No. 8 Authorizing Certain Humanitarian Trade Transactions Involving the Central Bank of Iran on 27 February 2020, Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/gtsr_gl8.pdf (accessed: 23.09.2022).
Leader’s Speech to Government Officials on 24 July 2012. Available at: http://english.khamenei.ir/news/1655/Leader-s-Speech-to-Government-Officials (accessed: 23.09.2022).
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