The European Union’s geopolitical turn and Central Asia as seen from the postcolonial perspective. Part 2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2024.405Abstract
The European Union’s geopolitical turn leads to a revision of the bloc’s external action, including towards Central Asia (CA). Based on a postcolonial approach that views colonization as a key structuring factor of contemporary international relations, and the method of discourse analysis, this study consisting of 2 separate publications clarifies how connectivity, which has become in the context of the geopolitical turn a priority of EU policy in Central Asia, affects the structure of the EU’s normative hegemony in the region as well as the Central Asian states’ normative agency. To set the stage for postcolonial analysis, Part I of this research traces the formation of a hierarchical normative structure in the experience of interaction between the European Union and Central Asian states before the geopolitical turn began. To this end, the models of EU normative influence central to this study are theorized—normative power Europe and resilience, then an analysis is carried out how Brussels, permanently positioning itself as a normative centre, changed its approach to the transfer of its norms in Central Asia, and finally, the functioning of the normative hegemony of the European Union is demonstrated, i.e., a situation in which the EU is recognized by Central Asian actors as an authoritative source of the normal. Part II of this research first outlines the basic principles of the postcolonial approach; further, taking into account the dialogic model adopted in postcolonial studies, an explanation is given of why the colonized is capable of not only submitting to the normative requirements of the colonizer, but also influencing the latter’s policy; in the final part of the study, the concept of EU connectivity is analyzed and a conclusion is drawn on how Central Asian states can strengthen their normative agency in relation to Brussels through participation in European connectivity projects.
Keywords:
European Union, Central Asia, postcolonialism, normative power, normative hegemony, connectivity, resilience, rules-based order, geopolitical turn
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References
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Epstein, C. (2014), The postcolonial perspective: an introduction, International Theory, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 294–311.
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Spivak, G. C. and Riach, G. (2016), Can the subaltern speak?, London: Macat International Limited.
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References
Makarychev, A. (2020), Illiberalism, post-liberalism, geopolitics: The EU in Central Asia, Acta Via Serica, no. 5 (1), pp. 1–21.
Krivokhizh, S. and Soboleva, E. (2022), The EU and China: how do they fit in Central Asia?, Central Asian Survey, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 715–733.
Biscop, S. (2020), No peace from corona: defining EU strategy for the 2020s, Journal of European Integration, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1009–1023.
Kassenova, N. (2023), Strategic Autonomy for Central Asia: Drawing inspiration and support from the European Union. Available at: https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/strategic-autonomy-central-asiadrawing-inspiration-and-support-european-union (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Kuus, M. (2004), Europe’s eastern expansion and the reinscription of otherness in East-Central Europe, Progress in human geography, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 472–489.
Seth, S. (ed.) (2013), Postcolonial theory and international relations: A critical introduction, Routledge.
Epstein, C. (2014), The postcolonial perspective: an introduction, International Theory, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 294–311.
Go, J. (2016), Postcolonial thought and social theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spivak, G. C. and Riach, G. (2016), Can the subaltern speak?, London: Macat International Limited.
Said, E. (1994), Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.
Böröcz, J. (2001), Introduction: Empire and coloniality in the ‘Eastern enlargement’of the European Union, in: Empire’s New Clothes: Unveiling EU Enlargement, Telford: Central Europe Review, pp. 4–50.
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Pavlova, E. (2021), The EU-Russia relationship through the lens of postcolonial theory, in: The Routledge Handbook of EU-Russia Relations, Routledge, pp. 139–148.
Spivak, G. C. et al. (2006), Are we postcolonial? Post-Soviet space, PMLA, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 828–836.
Spivak, G. C. (1999), A critique of postcolonial reason: Toward a history of the vanishing present, Harvard University Press, 1999.
Draude, A. (2017), Translation in motion: a concept’s journey towards norm diffusion studies, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, no. 2 (5). pp. 588–605.
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Godiwala, D. (2007), Postcolonial desire: Mimicry, hegemony, hybridity, in: Kuortti, J. and Nyman, J. (eds), Reconstructing Hybridity, Brill, pp. 59–79.
Ling, L. H. M. (2013), Cultural chauvinism and the liberal international order: “West versus Rest” in Asia’s financial crisis, in: Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations, Routledge, pp. 115–141.
Johnston, A. I. (2005), Conclusions and extensions: Toward mid-range theorizing and beyond Europe, International Organization, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1013–1044.
Jabri, V. (2014), Disarming norms: postcolonial agency and the constitution of the international, International Theory, no. 6, pp. 372–390.
Fisher-Onar, N. and Nicolaïdis, K. (2021), The decentering agenda: A post-colonial approach to EU external action. Available at: https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Chapter-15-Fisher-Onar-and-Nicolaidis-final-10.8.pdf (accessed: 08.04.2024).
Moore, D. C. (2006), Is the post-in postcolonial the post-in post-Soviet? Toward a global postcolonial critique, in: Baltic postcolonialism, Brill, pp. 11–43.
Adams, L. (2008), Can we apply postcolonial theory to Central Eurasia?, Central Eurasian Studies Review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2–7.
Kudaibergenova, D. T. (2016), The use and abuse of postcolonial discourses in post-independent Kazakhstan, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 917–935.
Medeuova, K. and Medeuov, Z. (2022), Radical Memorialization in Kazakhstan: Spaces, Places, and Capitals, in: Encountering Toponymic Geopolitics, Routledge, pp. 137–152.
Sharipova, D. (2024), Post-Colonial Approaches in Kazakhstan and Beyond: Politics, Culture and Literature, Springer Nature.
Beissinger, M., Young, M. C. (ed.) (2002), Beyond state crisis? Post-colonial Africa and post-Soviet Eurasia in comparative perspective, Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Heathershaw, J. (2016), Central Asian statehood in post-colonial perspective, in: Stable Outside, Fragile Inside?, Routledge, pp. 87–101.
Dave, B. (2007), Kazakhstan-ethnicity, language and power, Routledge, 2007.
Gorshenina, S. (2021), Orientalism, postcolonial and decolonial frames on Central Asia: Theoretical relevance and applicability, in: European handbook on Central Asian Studies, ibidem Verlag, pp. 175–244.
Connecting Europe and Asia — Building blocks for an EU Strategy. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Brussels, 19.9.2018 JOIN (2018) 31 final. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/joint_communication_-_connecting_europe_and_asia_-_building_blocks_for_an_eu_strategy_2018-09-19.pdf (accessed: 30.12.2023).
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Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy. June 2016. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (accessed: 12.12.2023).
A New Industrial Strategy for Europe. Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM/2020/102 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1593086905382&uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0102 (accessed: 15.12.2023).
The Global Gateway. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Brussels, 1.12.2021 JOIN (2021) 30 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021JC0030 (accessed: 25.12.2023).
A secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials in support of the twin transition. Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 16.3.2023 COM (2023) 165 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2023%3A165%3AFIN (accessed: 05.12.2023).
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Factsheet on the EU Strategy on Connecting Europe and Asia. European External Action Service, September 2019. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu-asian_connectivity_factsheet_ september_2019.pdf_final.pdf (accessed: 09.12.2023).
Global Gateway: up to €300 billion for the European Union’s strategy to boost sustainable links around the world. European Commission. Press release (2021), December 1. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6433 (accessed: 17.12.2023).
Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council on strengthening the EU’s contribution to rules-based multilateralism. Brussels, 17.2.2021 JOIN (2021) 3 final. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/en_strategy_on_strengthening_the_eus_contribution_to_rules-based_multilateralism.pdf (accessed: 14.12.2023).
Trade Policy Review — An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy. Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM/2021/66 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2021:66:FIN (accessed: 05.12.2023).
Towards a green, digital and resilient economy: our European Growth Model. Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 2.3.2022. COM (2022) 83 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0083&qid=1655798743597 (accessed: 12.12.2023).
Joint press communiqué by Heads of State of Central Asia and the President of the European Council (2023), European Council, 2 June. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/06/02/press-communique-by-heads-of-state-of-central-asia-and-the-president-of-the-europeancouncil/ (accessed: 12.12.2023).
Team Europe launches two initiatives in Central Asia on energy and on digital connectivity (2022), February 18. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_6963 (accessed: 16.12.2023).
Sustainable transport connections between Europe and Central Asia. Final Report. Submitted on 16/06/2023. Available at: https://transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-06/Sustainable_transport_connections_between_Europe_and_Central_Asia.pdf (accessed: 20.12.2023).
Council Conclusions on the New Strategy on Central Asia. Brussels, 17 June 2019 (OR. en) 10221/19. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/39778/st10221-en19.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2023).
Proposal for a Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union, of the one part, and the Kyrgyz Republic, of the other part. COM/2022/277 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0277 (accessed: 12.12.2023).
Memorandum of Understanding between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union on a strategic partnership on the sustainable raw materials, batteries and renewable hydrogen value chains. Available at: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/EU-KAZ-MoU-signed_en.pdf (accessed: 27.12.2023).
Remarks by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell at the joint press conference with Foreign Minister of Uzbekistan Vladimir Norov (2022), European External Action Service, November 17. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-central-asia-ministerial-remarks-high-representativevicepresident-josep-borrell-joint_en (accessed: 13.12.2023).
Opening remarks by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell at the EU-Central Asia Connectivity Conference (2022), November 18. Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/opening-remarkshigh-representativevice-president-josep-borrell-eu-central-asia-connectivity_en (accessed: 14.12.2023).
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