BRICS in polar regions: Brazil’s interests and prospects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.303Аннотация
The current international legal regulation of the Arctic and Antarctica was organized during the second half of the XX century to establish an international public power over the two regions, the Arctic Council (AC) and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), which is characterized by Euro-American dominance. However, the rise of emerging countries at the beginning of the XXI century suggests a progressive redefinition of the structural balance of international power in favor of states not traditionally perceived as European and Western. This article examines the role of Brazil within the AC and the ATS to address various polar issues, even institutional ones. As a responsible country in the area of cooperation in science and technology in the oceans and polar regions in BRICS, Brazil appeals to its rich experience in Antarctica and declares its interest in joining the Arctic cooperation. For Brazil, participation in polar cooperation is a way to increase its role in global affairs and BRICS as a negotiating platform. It is seen in this context as a promising tool to achieve this goal. This article highlights new paths in the research agenda concerning interests and prospects of Brazilian agency in the polar regions.
Ключевые слова:
Brazil, Polar Regions, Arctic Council, Antarctic Treaty System
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Dollot, R.(1949), Le Droit International des Espaces Polaires, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, vol. 75, pp. 115–200.
Guyer, R.(1973), The Antarctic System, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, vol. 139, pp. 149–226.
Mouton, M.(1962), The International Regime of the Polar Regions, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, vol. 107, pp. 169–286.
Casella, P.(2009), Domínios Polares. In Direito Internacional dos Espaços, ed. by Casella, P., São Paulo: Atlas, pp. 632–655.
Pharand, D.(1979), The Legal Status of the Arctic Regions, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, vol. 163, pp. 49–116.
Francioni, F.(1996), La Conservation et la Gestion des Ressources de l’Antarctique, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, vol. 260, pp. 239–404.
Wolfrum, R.(2017), Common Interest and Common Heritage in Antarctica, Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica, ed. by Doods, K., Hemmings, A. and Roberts, P., Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 142–151.
Wolfrum, R.(2020), International Law Serving Community Interests, Den Haag: Hague Academy of International Law. Notes from the 10th class of the General Course on Public International Law: Solidarity and Community Interests, given in 17.01.
Bogdandy, A. von, Goldmann, M. and Venzke, I.(2017), From Public International to International Public Law: Translating World Public Opinion into International Public Authority, European Journal of International Law, vol. 28, nо. 1, pp. 115–145.
Giannattasio, A., Papy, L. and Nigro, R.(2019), Bens Públicos Globais e sua Proteção Jurídica Internacional: Relocalização Epistemológica de um Debate à Luz de Princípios de Direito Político, Direito, Estado e Sociedade, no. 55, pp. 69–112.
Partnerships of BRICS countries in Science, Technology and Innovation — driver of global development. III Meeting of the BRICS Ministers for Science, Technology and Innovation, ‘Moscow Declaration’. Moscow, Russia, October 28, 2015. Available at: brics2015.ru/load/630487 (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Lagutina, M. and Leksyutina, Y.(2019), BRICS Countries’ Strategies in the Arctic and the Prospects for Consolidated BRICS Agenda in the Arctic, The Polar Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 45–63.
Cardone, I.(2015), O Brasil e a Antártida: Entre o Territorialismo e a Promoção da Ciência. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Anais do I Seminário Internacional de Ciência Política, Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
Abdenur, A. and Marcondes Neto, D.(2014), Rising Powers and Antarctica: Brazil’s Changing Interests, The Polar Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 12–27.
Castro, T. (1958), Antártica — O Assunto do Momento, Boletim Geográfico, vol. 16, no. 142, pp. 42–49.
Santos, L.E.F.dos, Souza Júnior, E.de, Simões, J.C. and Filippi, E.E.(2018), O Brasil e o Ártico, Finisterra, no. 107. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18055/Finis11943,http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo. php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0430-50272018000100007 http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_ar ttext&pid=S0430-50272018000100007 (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Bachand, R.(2018), Les Subalternes et le Droit International, Paris: Pedone.
Giannattasio, A.(2014), International Human Rights: A Dystopian Utopia, ARSP — Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, vol. 100, pp. 514–526.
Giannattasio, A., Morosini, F. and Badin, M.(2018), Narrativas Críticas do Direito Internacional como Espaço para Repensar a Exclusão, Aspectos Jurídicos da Crise Brasileira, ed. by Braga, A. and Borges, D., São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica/UNESP, pp. 347–371. 338 Вестник СПбГУ. Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 13. Вып. 3
Jouannet, E.(2013), Le Droit International, Paris: PUF.
Koskenniemi, M.(2004), What should International Lawyers learn from Karl Marx?, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 17, pp. 229–246.
Onuma, Y.(2016), Direito Internacional em Perspectiva Transcivilizacional, Belo Horizonte: Arraes.
Pahuja, S.(2005), The Postcoloniality of International Law, Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 459–469.
Casella, P.(2011), Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine (BRIC), Paris: Pedone.
The Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of International Law, Beijing, 2016. Available at: https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_ publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2331698 (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Stuenkel, O.(2015), The BRICS and the Future of Global Order, The BRICS and the Future of Global Order, ed. by Stuenkel, O., Lanham: Lexington, pp. 147–163.
Stuenkel, O.(2016), Post-Western World — How Emerging Powers are Remaking Global Order, Cambridge: Polity.
Dann, P. and Riegner, M.(2019), The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguards and the evolution of global order, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 32, pp. 537–559.
Abdenur, A.(2019), Navigating the Ripple Effects: Brazil-China Relations in Light of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Vestnik SPbGU.International Relations, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 153–168.
Abdenur, A.(2017), Can the BRICS Cooperate in International Security?, International Organisations Research Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 73–93.
Abdenur, A.(2016), Rising Powers in Stormy Waters: Brazil and the UNIFIL Maritime Task Force, International Peacekeeping, vol. 23, pp. 1–23.
Abdenur, A.(2016), Emerging powers and the creation of the UN: three ships of Theseus, Third World Quarterly, vol. 37, p. 1171–1186.
Stuenkel, O.(2016), The BRICS: Seeking Privileges by Constructing and Running Multilateral Institutions, Global Summitry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 38–53.
Bobrovnikov, A.V. and Davydov, V.M.(2005), Potentials of emerging giant countries. Material of the report at the round table “Emerging Giant Countries: The Potential of their Interaction and Role in World Politics, Svobodnaya mysl’–XXI, no. 4, pp. 51–65. (In Russian)
Stuenkel, O.(2017), New Development Banks as Horizontal International Bypasses: Towards a Parallel Order?, AJIL Unbound, vol. 111, pp. 236–240.
Babin, J.(2019), Diplomatie Scientifique et Engagement du Japon dans l’Arctique. L’Exemple du Conseil de l’Arctique, Relations Internationales, vol. 2, no. 178, pp. 119–133.
Joyner, C.(2011), United States Foreign Policy Interests in the Arctic, The Polar Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 17–35.
Kaufmann, S.(2010), L’Océan Arctique et la Cooperátion Intergouvernamentale Non Contraignante, Revue Juridique de l’Environnement, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 627–641.
Liu, N.(2019), The Rise of China and the Antarctic Treaty System?, Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 120–131.
Marsden, S.(2011), Introducing Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Madrid Protocol: Lessons from International Experience, The Polar Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36–50.
Sakhuja, V.(2014), BRICS: The Oceanic Connections, August 4. Available at: http://www.ipcs.org/ comm_select.php?articleNo=4594 (accessed: 18.04.2020).
BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation Partnership — a Driver of Global Development. III Science, Technology and Innovation Ministerial Meeting, ‘Moscow Declaration’, Moscow, the Russian Federation, October 28, 2015. Available at: brics2015.ru/load/630487 (accessed: 18.04.2020).
BRICS Ocean and Polar Science and Technology Working Group. Terms of Reference, 2015. Available at: http://land-ocean.ru/brics/ (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Navarrete, J.E.(2017), The meeting of BRICS leaders in Xiamen, Inosmi. September 8. Available at: http://inosmi.ru/politic/20170908/240233668.html (accessed: 18.03.2020). (In Russian)
Joint Statement of the 1st meeting of the BRICS Working Group on Ocean and Polar Science and Technology. Brasilia, Brazil, July 26–27, 2018. Available at: http://land-ocean.ru/brics/1meeting.pdf (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Newsletter on the Activities of the BRICS countries in the field of Scientific, Technical and Innovative Cooperation in 2019. The Secretariat of the Council of STI BRICS.Moscow, 2019. Available at: http://mniop. ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Dai–dzhest-BRIKS.pdf (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Joint Statement on the 2nd Meeting of the BRICS Working Group on Ocean and Polar Science and Technology. Moscow, August 1–2, 2019. Available at: http://land-ocean.ru/brics/ (accessed: 18.03.2020). Вестник СПбГУ. Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 13. Вып. 3 339
Casella, P.(1996), Mercosul — Exigências e Perspectivas, São Paulo: LTr.
Casella, P.(2008), Fundamentos do Direito Internacional Pós-Moderno, São Paulo: Quartier Latin.
Lafer, C.(2001), A Identidade Internacional do Brasil e a Política Externa Brasileira, São Paulo: Perspectiva.
Bosco, D. and Stuenkel, O.(2015), The Rhetoric and Reality of Brazil’s Multilateralism, Brazil on the Global Stage: Power, Ideas, and the Liberal International Order, ed. by Stuenkel, O. and Taylor, M., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 17–33.
Casella, P.(2009), Repensar a Integracão Regional. BRASIL.Ministério de Relações Exteriores. Integração da América do Sul, Brasília: FUNAG, pp. 169–192.
Ciência Antártica para o Brasil: Um Plano de Ação para o Período 2013–2022, Brasília: MCT, 2013.
Proposed Amendments to MR. 17-Re (1987), III Arts. 2, 14, 22, 26, 29, 31, 46, 51, Uruguay: s.n.
Brazilian contribution to the Monitoring Programme for the Admiralty Bay Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA Nº 1) (2008), Kyiv: s.n.
Opening Address by the Head of the Delegation of Brazil (1991), Bonn: s.n.
Opening Statement by the Ambassador, Head of the Delegation of Brazil (1992), Venice: s.n.
Opening Address by the Representative of Brazil (1995), Seoul: s.n.
Effects of Tourism and Non-Governmental Expeditions in the Antarctic Treaty Area (1987), Rio de Janeiro: s.n.
A Proposal prepared by Brazil and Poland, in Coordination with Ecuador and Peru, that Admiralty Bay, King George Island (South Shetland Island) be Designated as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA) (1996), Utrecht: s.n. (XX ATCM/WP 15 (REV 2)).
A proposal that Admiralty Bay, King George Island (South Shetland Island) be designated as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA) (1996), Utrecht: s.n.
Review of the Management Plan for ASMA No.1: Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands (2013), Brussels: s.n.
Initiation of the revision process of the Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Managed Area Admiralty Bay (ASMA No. 1) (2019), Prague: s.n.
Co-chairs’ report of the Workshop on Education (2015), Sofia: s.n.
APECS-Brazil E&O activities during the XXXVII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) (2015), Sofia: s.n.
Simões, J.(2011), O Ambiente Antártico: Domínios Extremos, Antártica e as Mudanças Globais: Um Desafio para a Humanidade, ed. by Simões, J. et al., São Paulo: Blucher.
Simões, J., Arigony-Neto, J. and Bremer, U.(2004), O uso de mapas antárticos em publicações, Pesquisa Antártica Brasileira, vol. 4, pp. 191–197.
Antarctic Science for Brazil — An Action Plan for the 2013–2022 period (2013), Brasília: Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
Annual Report of the Brazilian Antarctic Activities in the 2002/2003 Season (2003), Madrid.
The Importance of International Cooperation for Brazilian Scientific Research in Antarctica during summer 2012–2013 (2013), Brussels.
Cooperation Visit to Stations/ Bases Facilities in Antarctica (2015), Sofia.
Initiation of the revision process of the Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Managed Area Admiralty Bay (ASMA No. 1) (2019), Prague (ATCM XLII — CEP XXII (2019) — IP071).
/2020 PROANTAR Research Projects (2019), Prague.
The Antarctic Biological Prospecting Database (2009), Balthimore.
st India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum Seminar on Antarctica: exchange amongst Antarctic programs (2010), Punta del Este.
Comandante Ferraz Station: Proposed Plan for the Demolition and Construction of Antarctic Emergency Modules (2012), Hobart.
Instalación de los Módulos Antárticos de Emergencia (2013), Brussels.
Inauguração de estação brasileira na Antártica é adiada, G1. 14 de janeiro de 2020. Available at: https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2020/01/14/inauguracao-de-stacao-brasileira-na-antarticae-adiada.ghtml (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Demolición de la Base Antártica “Comandante Ferraz” (EACF) (2013), Hobart.
Environmental monitoring of the reconstruction work of the Brazilian Antarctic Station (2015/16 and 2016/17) (2017), Beijing.
Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan for Contaminated Areas at the Commandant Ferraz Antarctic Station (EACF) (2019), Prague (ATCM XLII — CEP XXII (2019) — IP102).
Ricupero, R.(2017), A Diplomacia na Construção do Brasil (1750–2016), Rio de Janeiro: Versal. 340 Вестник СПбГУ. Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 13. Вып. 3
Establishment of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (1997), Christchurch.
Contribution to Understanding of Minor or Transitory Environment Impact (1997), Christchurch.
An enhanced definition on Bioprospection in Antarctica (2018), Buenos Aires.
Draft Recommendation — Expanded Coverage of the Annual Report (1991), Bonn.
Trindade, S.(2015), Brazil and the Sustainability of the Arctic, Proposed Panel at Arctic Circle Assembly III, October 2015.
Maritime policy of Brazil (2010), Theory and practice of marine activities, ed. by Voytolovsky, G.K., Moscow, pp. 80–86. (In Russian)
Gomes, I.(2015), Brazil: Energy and the Arctic. Breakout Session: Brazil and the Sustainability of the Arctic. Arctic Circle Assembly III — Reykjavik, Iceland, October 16.
Annual Report 2015 (SEC Filing Form 20-F). Available at: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/ data/917851/000104746916011818/a2227496z20-f.htm (accessed: 18.03.2020).
Lorca, A.(2016), Mestizo International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
