Åland Islands: lessons for the conflict of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands)?

Авторы

  • Sergio Gabriel Eissa University of Buenos Aires, Ayacucho 1245 (C1111AAI), Buenos Aires, Argentina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu06.2019.207

Аннотация

Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands) are not on the agenda of the Mauricio Macri´s government (2015-2019) and were, on the contrary, a key issue during the governments of Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007-2015). However, it can be argued that the conflict over sovereignty between Argentina and Great Britain has not been a priority of the governmental agenda since the end of the Malvinas War (1982). This means that Argentina’s foreign policy has lacked creativity and realism with respect to the conflict and has chosen to continue making formal presentations within the framework of the United Nations so as not to affect commercial interests in the relationship between the two countries; or to carry out theatrical unilateral measures to use the conflict to obtain votes in internal political dynamics, manipulating to Argentine nationalist feelings. Firstly, the present article analyzes the main historical and strategic aspects of the conflict around the Malvinas Islands. Subsequently, the resolution of the dispute between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Åland Islands is reviewed. Finally, there are some reflections on what could be a third way for Argentina’s foreign policy belong to this problem.

Ключевые слова:

Malvinas Islands, Falkland Islands, Åland Islands, Argentina, United Kingdom

Скачивания

Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
 

Библиографические ссылки

Eissa, S. (2005), Hielos Continentales. Las variables internas en la política exterior argentina [Ice Continent. The internal variables in Argentine foreign policy], Fundación Síntesis, Santiago de Chile, Chile.

Paradiso, J. (1996), Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior Argentina [Debates and trajectory of the Argentine foreign policy], Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Eissa, S. (2015), ¿La irrelevancia de los Estados Unidos? La política de defensa argentina (1983–2010) [The irrelevance of the United States? The Argentine defensa policy (1983–2010)], Arte y Parte, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Malamud, C. (2018), “El mundo de Trump al que Macri no quería llegar es el que lo tiene en el pulmotor” [The world of Trump that Macri did not want to reach is the one that has it in the pulmotor], El Cronista, November 30, available at: in https://www.cronista.com/3dias/Malamud-El-mundo-de-Trump-al-queMacri-no-queria-llegar-es-el-que-lo-tiene-en-el-pulmotor-20181130-0002.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Chuter, A. (2018), “Auditors say Britain can’t afford its 10-year defense equipment plan”, Defensenews, January 31, available at: https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/02/01/auditors-say-britaincant-afford-its-10-year-defense-equipment-plan/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“How Britain changed its focus from defense to welfare and health” (2017), The Telegraph, December 24, available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/24/britain-changed-focus-defence-welfarehealth/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“British missiles aim to Tierra del Fuego in Argentina” (2018), Hispan TV, available at: https://www.hispantv.com/noticias/argentina/378922/misiles-britanicos-otan-islas-malvinas (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Stone, J. (2018), “Brexit: Falkland Islands government sounds alarm on leaving single market”, Independent, May 12, available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-falklands-islandssingle-market-trade-eu-fishing-loligo-squid-government-a8347696.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Klare, M. (2001), “La nueva geografía de los conflictos internacionales” [The new geography of international conflicts], Foreign Affairs en español, no. 2 (1), pp. 151–165.

Caplan, S. and Eissa, S. (2015), “Análisis estratégico del Sistema Malvinas, Antártida y Atlántico Sur” [Strategic analysis of Malvinas, Antarctica and South Atlantic System], Series Documentos de Trabajo de la Universidad de la Defensa Nacional, no. 28.

Beck, P. (1985), “The future of the Falkland Islands: a solution made in Hong Kong”, International Affairs, no. 4, vol. 61, pp. 643–660.

Beck, P. (1988), The Falkland Islands As An International Problem, Routledge & Chapman and Hall Inc., London, UK.

Laver, P. (2001), The Falklands/Malvinas Case: Breaking the Deadlock in the Anglo-Argentine Sovereignty Dispute, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.

Kozloski,Ch. (1996), “Nationalism and the Falkland Islands War”, Political Geography, 425-G, available at: http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Núñez, J. (2010), Shared sovereignty: the Malvinas Islands. Paper presented at V Congreso de Relaciones Internacionales, available at: http://www.iri.edu.ar/publicaciones_iri/IRI%20COMPLETO%20-%20Publicaciones-V05/Publicaciones/cd%20V%20congreso/ponencias/0%20Nu%F1ez,%20Jorge_Soberan%EDa%20compartida_Malvinas.pdf (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Kohen, M. (1986), “Alternativas para la solucion del conflicto por las islas Malvinas” [Alternatives to the solution about the conflict in the Islas Malvinas], Revista de Estudios Internacionales, vol. 7, no. 4, available at: http://www.cepc.gob.es/gl/publicaci %C3 %B3ns/revistas/acceso-ao-fondo-historicode-revistas?IDR=14&IDN=1225 (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Willetts, P. (2012), “Distributed sovereignty and the Falkland Islands, (Malvinas Islands) dispute”, South Atlantic Council Occasional Papers, no. 11, available at: http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/SAC/OP/OCCPAP11.PDF (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Bullock, D. and Mitchell, Ch. (1987), “The Åland Island solution”, South Atlantic Council Occasional Papers, no. 3, available at: http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/SAC/OP/OCCPAP03.PDF (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviour, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Sage, London, UK.

Vespucio, A. (1951), El nuevo mundo-Cartas relativas a sus viajes y descubrimientos [The new world. Letters related to his travel and discoveries], Editorial Nova, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Von Wieser, F. (1902), Die Karten von America in dem Islario General des Alonso de Santa Cruz, Cosmógrafo mayor des Kaiser Karl V [The maps of America in the Islario General of Alonso de Santa Cruz, Major Cosmograph of the Emperor Charles V], Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Innsbruck, Germany.

Allardyce, W. (1909), The story of Falkland Islands. Being an account of their discovery and early history (1500–1842), The Government Printing Office by William Worthy, Port Stanley, available at: https://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Culture%20and%20Early%20History/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20by%20W%20L%20Allardyce%20-%201909.pdf (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Quellet, R. (1982), Historia política de las Islas Malvinas [Political history of the Islas Malvinas] Escuela Superior de Guerra Aérea, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

“A key document” (1982), El País, May 12, available at: https://elpais.com/diario/1982/05/12/internacional/390002403_850215.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Lorenz, F. (2014), Todo lo que necesitás saber sobre Malvinas [All you need to know about Malvinas], Paidós, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Dinatale, M. (2018), “Malvinas: Archivo General de las Indias certificó más documentos que sustentan la soberanía la Argentina” [Malvinas: General Archive of the Indies certified more documents that support the sovereignty of Argentina], Infobae, November 3, available at: https://www.infobae.com/politica/2018/11/03/malvinas-el-archivo-general-de-indias-certifico-mas-documentos-que-sustentan-lasoberania-de-la-argentina/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Delgado, C. (2011), Cuestión Malvinas. Atlántico Sur, Plataforma Continental y Antártida. Propuesta para la construcción de una política de estado [Malvinas Issue. South Atlantic, Continental Plate and Antarctica. Proposal for the construction of a state policy], Master Thesis of the Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI) of the Universidad Nacional de la Plata, available at: http://www.iri.edu.ar/images/Documentos/maestria/tesis/tesis_biangardi.pdf (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Valega, A. (2004), “El utti possidetis y la Corte Internacional de Justicia” [The utti possidetis and the International Court of Justice], Revista de Derecho, no. 21, pp. 131–138.

Escudé, C. and Cisneros, A. (2000), Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina [General history of the external relations of the Argentina Republic], GEL & CARI, Buenos Aires, availabale at: http://www.argentina-rree.com/historia.htm (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Warnick, Sh. (2008), The reluctant colonization of the Falkland Islands, 1833–1851: a study of British Imperialism in the Southwest Atlantic, Master Thesis of the University of Richmond, available at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1703&context=masters-theses (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Mamani, C. and Cortez, F. (2017), “La lucha por el reconocimiento. La independencia argentina en el marco de las relaciones internacionales (1816–1850)” [The struggle of recognition. Argentine Independence in the framework of international relations (1816–1850)], Revista de Historia Americana y Argentina, no. 2, vol. 52, availble at: http://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/revihistoriargenyame/article/view/1212(accessed: 06.12.2018).

Hobsbawm, E. (1998), The impire era, 1875–1914 [The era of empires, 1875–1914], Crítica, Barcelona, Spain.

Jastreblansky, M. (2012), “La propuesta secreta de los ingleses a Perón por las Malvinas” [The secret proposal of the Britishs to Perón about Malvinas], La Nación, March 29, available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1455991-la-propuesta-secreta-de-los-ingleses-a-peron-por-las-malvinas (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Machuca, Ch. (2001), “Malvinas: el acuerdo del 14 de julio de 1999” [Malvinas: the agreement of 14 July 1999], Boletín del Centro Naval, no. 119, available at: http://www.centronaval.org.ar/boletin/BCN803/803machuca.pdf (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“Las Malvinas en la era kirchnerista” [The Malvinas in the Kirshner’s era] (2016), Telesur TV (June 10), available at: https://www.telesurtv.net/news/Las-Malvinas-en-la-era-kirchnerista-20160530-0020.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Bologna, B. (2011), “Un límite efectivo al despojo” [An effective limit to dispossession], Miradas al Sur, September 25.

Bragger, S. and Gyford S. (2007), “Las Islas Malvinas 25 años después” [The Islas Malvinas 25 years later], Cafebabel.es, June 13, available at: https://cafebabel.com/es/article/las-islas-malvinas-25-anos-despues-5ae0066bf723b35a145e0a8c/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“República Argentina — Poder Ejecutivo Nacional” [S.a.], Words of the President of the Argentina Nation Cristina Fernández in the MERCOSUR Summit. Reception of the Presidency Pro-Tempore of MERCOSUR, in Montevideo, Uruguay, available at: presidencia.gov.ar (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“Malvinas: reacción británica por la decisión del MERCOSUR” [Malvinas: British reaction related to MERCOSUR decision] (2011), Tiempo Argentino, December 22.

Puceiro, I. (2016), “Midieron bien y resulta que la Argentina es más grande” They measured well and it turns out Argentina is bigger”, Infobae, March 28, available at: http://www.infobae.com/2016/03/28/1800093-midieron-bien-y-resulta-que-la-argentina-es-mas-grande (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Dinatale, M. (2016), “Aval de la ONU a un planteo argentino sobre Malvinas” [Guarantee of the UN to Argentine proposal about Malvinas], La Nación, March 27, available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1883478-aval-de-la-onu-a-un-planteo-argentino-sobre-malvinas (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Gian, D. (2018), “Las Malvinas y Macri: la soberanía puede esperar” [The Malvinas and Macri: the sovereignty can wait], Revista Noticias, April 7, available at: http://noticias.perfil.com/2018/04/07/las-malvinas-y-macri-la-soberania-puede-esperar/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Larraquy, M. (2016), “Las ideas que maneja el gobierno para las Islas Malvinas” [The ideas of the government about Islas Malvinas], Clarín, February 6, available at: http://www.clarin.com/politica/MalvinasFalklands-Argentina-Gran_Bretana-Macri-Cameron_0_1517848645.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Mastropierro, O. (2016), “El gobierno de Mauricio Macri y la cuestión de las Islas Malvinas” [The Mauricio Macri’s government and the Islas Malvinas issue], VIII Congress of International Relations, Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

“En vez de ositos les compramos armas” [Instead of teddy bears web y them weapons] (2018), Página 12, June 28, available at: https://www.pagina12.com.ar/124705-en-vez-de-ositos-les-compramos-armas (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Dinatale, M. (2013), “Los isleños preparan una ofensiva diplomática para capitalizar el referéndum” [The islanders prepare a diplomatic offensive to capitalize the referendum], La Nación, March 13, avaialble at: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562568-los-islenos-preparan-una-ofensiva-diplomatica-para-capitalizarel-referendum (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“Rechazos al referéndum en las Malvinas” [Rejections to Malvinas referendum] (2013), Página 12, March 9, available at: https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-215428-2013-03-09.html (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“Un tribunal inglés falló en contra del derecho a la autodeterminación” [A British court ruled against the right of self-determination] (2013), Infobae, June 11, available at: https://www.infobae.com/2013/06/11/715033-un-tribunal-ingles-fallo-contra-del-derecho-la-autodeterminacion/ (accessed: 06.12.2018).

“ONU reiteró apoyo a Argentina para que se retome el dialogo por Malvinas” [UN reiterated support to Argentina to resume dialogue about Malvinas] (2013), Infobae, June 20.

Sakshaug, E. (1969), Aspects of the Åland Islands question, Portland State University University, Portland, USA.

Hannikainen, L. (1994), The continued validity of the demilitarized and neutralized status of the Åland Islands, available at: http://zaoerv.de/54_1994/54_1994_3_4_a_614_651.pdf (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Hannikainen, L. (2013), “La autonomía en Finlandia: la autonomía territorial de las islas Åland y la autonomía cultural del pueblo indígena Saami” [The autonomy in Finland: the territorial autonomy of the Åland Islands and the cultural autonomy of Saami people], Revista d’Estudis Autonòmics i Federals, no. 17, available at: http://www.raco.cat/index.php/REAF/index (accessed: 06.12.2018).

Recce, J. (2012), “Una nueva identidad estratégica nacional: Argentina país Austral, Suramericano y Emergente” [A new national strategic identity: Argentina austral country, South American and emergence], Argentina en Asuntos Estratégicos, no. 1, pp. 37–48.

Загрузки

Опубликован

22.07.2019

Как цитировать

Eissa, S. G. (2019). Åland Islands: lessons for the conflict of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands)?. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения, 12(2), 210–228. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu06.2019.207

Выпуск

Раздел

Латинская Америка и линии международного сотрудничества и конфликтов