The pandemic, Russia and the West
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2021.101Аннотация
The Covid-19 pandemic represented a major event in world history, although its political character remains disputed. It is too early to tell what long-term impact the coronavirus will have on international affairs, but its immediate results are clear. The article examines the context of the pandemic and some of the salient effects, noting that it has acted as an accelerant rather than a game changer. The paper then contextualises these changes into the larger pattern of Russian foreign policy, noting the way that the pandemic only deepened and in parts accelerated existing tendencies and trends. International politics remain trapped between post-war patterns in the Atlantic power system and the emergence of new challenges, above all the nascent bipolarity between the United States and China. Russia seeks to manoeuvre in this new constellation, including by advancing its civilisational autonomy. Instead of introducing greater flux into international affairs, the pandemic only confirmed and intensified the existing impasse, and the long-anticipated multipolarity remains more of an aspiration than a reality. The stasis in international affairs remains in place.
Ключевые слова:
pandemic, sovereign internationalism, neo-revisionism, stasis, liberalism, information warfare
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Bacevich, A. (2020), The Age of Illusions: How America Squandered its Cold War Victory. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Babic, M. (2020), Let’s Talk about the Interregnum: Gramsci and the Crisis of the Liberal World Order, International Affairs, vol. 96, is. 3, pp. 767–786.
Pompeo, M.R. (2020), Communist China and the Free World’s Future. Nixon Centre, Yorba Linda, California, July 23. Available at: https://www.state.gov/communist-china-and-the-free-worlds-future/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Bordachev, T. (2020), Do We Face the End of International Institutions, Valdai Discussion Club, October 27. Available at: https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/do-we-face-the-end-of-international-institutions/ (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Ambassador’s Conference — Speech by M.Emmanuel Macron, President of the Republic. Paris, August 27, 2019. Available at: https://lv.ambafrance.org/Ambassadors-conference-Speech-by-M-Emmanuel-Macron-President-of-the-Republic (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Leonard, M. (2020), Geopolitical Europe in Times of Covid-19, Europe’s Futures, September, 21. Available at: https://www.europesfutures.eu/vault/geopolitical-europe-in-times-of-covid-19 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Sergei Lavrov on Causes of Turbulence in Modern International Politics (2020), Valdai International Discussion Club, Moscow, October 13. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUIVAcdim1o (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Lissovolik, Ya. (2020), Operational Space as an Imperative of Russian Foreign Policy, RIAC, August
Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/comments/operational-space-as-animperative-of-russian-foreign-policy/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Barigazzi, J., Eder, F. and Gehrke, L. (2020), What Donald Trump Really Thinks of European Leaders, Politico, June 22. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/what-us-president-donald-trump-reallythinks-of-european-leaders/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Bond, I. and Scazzieri, L. (2020), Americans Choose their President: Europe Must Live with the Consequences’, Centre for European Reform, November 2. Available at: https://www.cer.eu/insights/americanschoose-their-president-europe-must-live-consequences (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Kortunov, A. (2020), How US Elections Could Impact EU-Russia Relations, Carnegie Moscow Centre, October 30. Available at: https://carnegie.ru/commentary/83081 (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Lind, M. (2020), Why America First is Here to Stay, Even if Donald Trump is Defeated, The National Interest, October 26. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/2020-election/why-america-first-herestay-even-if-donald-trump-defeated-171420 (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Stevenson, T. (2020), The Long-Term Case for Investing in China Remains Intact, The Telegraph, October 19. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/10/19/long-term-case-investing-chinaremains-intact/ (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Pifer, S. (2020), Hope for Nuclear Arms Control with Russia? Brookings, October 26. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/10/26/hope-for-nuclear-arms-control/ (accessed: 06.11.2020).
Mearsheimer, J.J. (2018), The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. London; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Walt, S.M. (2019), The Hell of Good Intentions: America’s Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of US Primacy. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Prozorov, S. (2016), Understanding Conflict between Russia and the EU: The Limits of Integration, paperback edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dunne, T., Reut-Smith, C. (eds), (2017), The Globalization of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steele, J. (2004), Ukraine’s Untold Story, The Nation, December 20. Available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ukraines-untold-story/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Lazare, D. (2020), Adam Schiff’s Very Scary Warmongering Speech, Antiwar.com, January 24. Available at: https://original.antiwar.com/daniel_lazare/2020/01/23/adam-schiffs-very-scary-warmongering-speech/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Morrisson, T. (2019), Prepared Opening Statement from the Impeachment Hearing, New York Times, November 19. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/us/politics/morrison-statementtestimony.html (accessed: 16.10.2020).
National Security Strategy of the United States (2017), December. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf (accessed: 16.10.2020).
International Crisis Group (2020), Peace in Ukraine I: A European War. Report No. 256, April 27. Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/eastern-europe/ukraine/256-peace-ukrainei-european-war (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Sakwa, R. (2017), Russia against the Rest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sakwa, R. (2020), The Putin Paradox. London: I.B.Tauris.
Putin, V. (2007), Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Speech at the 2007 Munich Conference on Security Policy, February 10. Available at: http://president.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2007/02/118109.shtml (accessed: 16.10.2020).
European Neighbourhood Watch (2019), is. 69, March 21.
Holmes, S. (2019), Putin’s Ambivalent Illiberalism, www.projectsyndicate, July 5. Available at: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/putin-interview-ambivalent-illiberalism-by-stephen-holmes-2019-07 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Jahn, B. (2018), Liberal Internationalism: Historical Trajectory and Current Prospect, International Affairs, vol. 94, is. 1, pp. 43–61.
Guillory, S. (2019), The Spectre of the Soviet Union Still Haunts the EU, Moscow Times, July 23. Available at: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/23/the-specter-of-the-soviet-union-still-hauntsthe-eu-a66522 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Sakwa, R. (2019), Russian Neo-Revisionism, Russian Politics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–21.
Putin, V. (2013), Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club, Novgorod, September 19. Available at: http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/6007 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Putin, V. (2019), “Vladimir Putin’s News Conference”, Kremlin.ru, June 29. Available at: http:// en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60857 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Cui Heng (2017), Putin’s Views on Liberalism another Dig at West, Global Times, July 10, p. 16.
Putin, V. (2014), Address by the President of the Russian Federation, March 18. Available at: http:// en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Laruelle, M. (2015), Russia as a “Divided Nation”, from Compatriots to Crimea: A Contribution to the Discussion on Nationalism and Foreign Policy, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 88–97.
Tsygankov, A.P. (2016), Crafting the State-Civilization, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 146–158.
Coker, C. (2019), The Rise of the Civilizational State. Cambridge: Polity.
Barber, L. and Foy, H. (2019), Vladimir Putin: Exclusive Interview, Financial Times, June 28, pp. 1, 9.
Biden, J.Jr. (2020), Why America Must Lead Again: Rescuing US Foreign Policy After Trump, Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 64–76.
Pabst, A. (2018), Liberal World Order and its Critics: Civilisational States and Cultural Commonwealths. London: Routledge.
Pabst, A. (2019), The Demons of Liberal Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
Carnaghan, E. (2007), Out of Order: Russian Political Values in an Imperfect World. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Hale, H.E. (2011), The Myth of Mass Russian Support for Autocracy: The Public Opinion Foundations of a Hybrid Regime, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 1357–1375.
Monaghan, A. (2019), Dealing with the Russians. Cambridge: Polity.
Nuland, V. (2020), Pinning Down Putin: How a Confident America Should Deal with Russia, Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 93–106.
Hutchings, S., Tolz, V. (2020), Covid-19 Disinformation: Two Short Reports on the Russian Dimension. April 6. Available at: https://reframingrussia.com/2020/04/06/covid-19-disinformation-two-shortreports-on-the-russian-dimension/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Broad, W.J. (2020), Putin’s Long War against American Science, New York Times, April 13. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/science/putin-russia-disinformation-health-coronavirus. html (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Malic, N. (2020), There he Goes Again: Russiagate Godfather Obama Promotes NY Times’ Latest Conspiracy, RT.com, April 15. Available at: https://www.rt.com/op-ed/485941-obama-nytimes-putin-coronavirus/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Toler, A. (2020), How (not), to Respond on Russian Disinformation, Bellingcat, April 15. Available at: https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2020/04/15/how-not-to-report-on-russian-disinformation/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Treisman, D. (ed.), (2017), The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin’s Russia. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Gunitsky, S. (2020), Democracies Can’t Blame Putin for their Disinformation Problem’. Foreign Policy, April 21. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/21/democracies-disinformation-russia-chinahomegrown/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Jozwiak, R. (2020), NATO’s Stoltenberg Blasts Chinese, Russian Disinformation About Coronavirus. RFE/RL, Russia Report, April 27. Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-s-stoltenberg-blasts-chineserussian-disinformation-about-coronavirus/30579874.html (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Jozwiak, R. (2020), EU Monitors see Coordinated Covid-19 Disinformation Effort by Iran, Russia, China, RFE/RL, Russia Report, April 22. Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-monitors-sees-coordinated-covid-19-disinformation-effort-by-iran-russia-china/30570938.html (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Covid-19 Disinformation. EEAS Special Report, Disinformation on the Coronavirus — Short Assessment of the Information Environment, March 19. Available at: https://euvsdisinfo.eu/eeas-special-report-disinformation-on-the-coronavirus-short-assessment-of-the-information-environment/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Kortunov, A. (2020), The Battle of “Coronavirus Narratives”: Three Lines of Defence Against China, RIAC, April 29. Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-battle-ofcoronavirus-narratives-three-lines-of-defence-against-china/ (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Ghiretti, F. and Mariani, L. (2020), Italy: Cooperation, Competition and Local Politics Amid Covid-19’, in European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), Covid-19 and Europe-China Relations: A Country-Level Analysis, Special Report, April 29, pp. 35–39.
Trenin, D. (2020), Russia-US: No Reset, Just Guardrails, Carnegie Moscow Centre, April 29. Available at: https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81680 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Putin, V. (2015), ‘70th Session of the UN General Assembly’, September 28. Available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50385 (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Sakwa, R. (2021), Deception: Russiagate and the New Cold War. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Fischer, S. and Timofeev, I. (2020), EUREN Report 2: Alternative Futures of EU-Russia Relations in 2030, November. Available at: http://eu-russia-expertnetwork.eu/en/analytics/2020-11-euren-report (accessed: 06.11.2020).
EU Global Strategy (2016), Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, June. Available at: https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/sites/ globalstrategy/files/about/eugs_review_web_4.pdf (accessed: 16.10.2020).
RFE/RL (2020), US Navy Operates Ships in Barents Sea for First Time in Decades as Russia Increases Arctic Capabilities, Russia Report, May 4. Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/arctic-russia-navy-us-barents-/30592707.html (accessed: 16.10.2020).
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
