Политика государств, находящихся под санкциями, в области искусственного интеллекта
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2024.105Аннотация
Целью данного исследования является выявление сходств и различий в политике в области искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) государств, претендующих на глобальное (Россия) и региональное (Иран) влияние. Контекстом данного исследования являются санкции западных стран против России и Ирана. Методология исследования основана на принципах сравнительного анализа. Мы анализируем законодательство и стратегические документы, а также институты и практику в области развития ИИ в этих государствах. Выявление моделей национальной политики в области ИИ может быть важным прогностическим инструментом. В целях проведения сравнительного анализа законодательства мы разработали набор параметров для сравнения: (1) цели развития ИИ, (2) органы, ответственные за реализацию проектов ИИ, (3) приоритеты развития ИИ, (4) позиции стран в мировом рейтинге развития ИИ. Основой исследования является анализ индексов развития ИИ (Government AI Readiness 2021 by Oxford Insights, Nature Index 2020 Artificial Intelligence и Global AI Index 2021 by Tortoise Media), официальной статистики, национального законодательства и публикаций в СМИ.
Ключевые слова:
искусственный интеллект, Россия, Иран, санкции, цифровой суверенитет, технонационализм
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Болгов, Р. В. (2019), Деятельность ООН в сфере информации и международные аспекты информационной безопасности России, Сравнительная политика, № 1, с. 59–69. https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2019-10004
Bolgov, R., Filatova, O. and Yag’ya, V. (2018), The United Nations and Russian initiatives on international information security, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ICCWS 2018, pp. 31–38.
Filatova, O. and Bolgov, R. (2018), Strategic communication in the context of modern information confrontation: EU and NATO vs Russia and ISIS*, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ICCWS 2018, pp. 208–218.
* The organization is recognized as an extremist in Russian Federation.
Russia is now the world’s most sanctioned country (2022), Castellum.AI, March 8. URL: https://www.castellum.ai/insights/russia-is-now-the-worlds-most-sanctioned-country (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Bolgov, R., Chernov, I., Katsy, D. and Ivannikov, I. (2019), Battle in Twitter: Comparative Analysis of Online Political Discourse (cases of Macron, Trump, Putin, and Medvedev), Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 947, pp. 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13283-5_28
Tkachenko, S., Zhiglinskaya Wyrsch, N. and Zheng, C. (2021), Technology platform competition between the United States and China: Decoupling and sanctions against Huawei, Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения, т. 14, вып. 4, с. 378–392.
Nakayama, S. (2012), Techno-Nationalism versus Techno-Globalism, East Asian Science. Technology and Society: An International Journal, no. 6 (1), pp. 9–15.
Capri, A. (2020), Techno-nationalism: The US-China tech innovation race, Hinrich Foundation, August. URL: https://cvdvn.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/hinrich-foundation-techno-nationalism-and-the-us-china-tech-innovation-race-alex-capri-august-2020.pdf (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Bergsten, C. F. (2018), China and the United States: The contest for global economic leadership, China & World Economy, no. 26 (5), pp. 12–37.
Brooks, S. G. and Wohlforth, W. C. (2016), The rise and fall of the Great Powers in the twenty-first century: China’s rise and the fate of America’s global position, International Security, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 7–53.
Безруков А., Мамонов М., Сучков М. и Сушенцов А. (2021), Международная конкуренция и лидерство в цифровой среде, Клуб Валдай. URL: https://ru.valdaiclub.com/files/36581/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Chen, J. (2017), Why Economic Sanctions on North Korea Fail to Work?, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500300
Shaw, M. (2022), The abyss gazes back: How North Korean propaganda interprets sanctions, threats and diplomacy, The Pacific Review, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 202–228.
Radu, R. (2021), Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: National strategies in perspective, Policy and Society, vol. 40, iss. 2, pp. 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
Reis, J., Espírito Santo, P. and Melão, N. (2021), Influence of artificial intelligence on public employment and its impact on politics: A systematic literature review, Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 18, no. 3, e20211114. https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2021.010
Roche, C., Wall, P. J. and Lewis, D. (2022), Ethics and diversity in artificial intelligence policies, strategies and initiatives, AI Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00218-9
Salas-Pilco, S. Z. (2021), Comparison of National Artificial Intelligence (AI): Strategic Policies and Priorities, in: Keskin, T. and Kiggins, R. D. (eds), Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence, International Political Economy Series, Springer, pp. 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74420-5_9
Galindo, L., Perset, K. and Sheeka, F. (2021), An overview of national AI strategies and policies, OECD Going Digital Toolkit Notes, 14, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c05140d9-en
Van Berkel, N., Papachristos, E., Giachanou, A., Hosio, S. and Skov, M. B. (2020), A Systematic Assessment of National Artificial Intelligence Policies: Perspectives from the Nordics and Beyond in: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (NordiCHI ‘20). ACM, New York, USA. Article 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420106
Zupic, I. and Čater, T. (2015), Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization, Organizational Research Methods, vol. 18, iss. 3, pp. 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629
Aria, M. and Cuccurullo, C. (2017), bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis, Journal of Informetrics, no. 11, pp. 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Lan, Z. and Anders, K. (2000), A Paradigmatic View of Contemporary Public Administration Research: An Empirical Test, Administration & Society, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 138–165.
Dekker, R. and Bekkers, V. (2015), The contingency of governments’ responsiveness to the virtual public sphere: A systematic literature review and meta-synthesis, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.09.007
Jobin, A., Ienca, M. and Vayena, E. (2019), The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines, Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
Национальная программа «Цифровая экономика Российской Федерации» (2019). URL: http://government.ru/info/35568/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10 октября 2019 г. № 490 «О развитии искусственного интеллекта в Российской Федерации». URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72738946/???review (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 19 августа 2020 г. № 2129-р «Об утверждении Концепции развития регулирования отношений в сфере технологий искусственного интеллекта и робототехники до 2024 года». URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_360681/7f2affb15ff9b9d6f75a9aa566d1b0646b3d2e94/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Перспективная программа стандартизации по приоритетному направлению «Искусственный интеллект» на период 2021–2024 гг. URL: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/28a4b183b4aee34051e85ddb3da87625/20201222.pdf (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Мария Захарова на PHDays 11. Интервью на форуме по кибербезопасности Positive Hack Days-2022 в ЦМТ Москвы. 18 мая 2022. URL: https://wtcmoscow.ru/company/news/1495/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Сергеев М. (2022), Технологический суверенитет России обеспечивать пока некому, Независимая газета, 29 июня. URL: https://www.ng.ru/economics/2022-06-28/1_8472_sovereignty.html (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Удар по «цифре». Чем могут обернуться для Запада антироссийские санкции в сфере IТ (2022), Lenta.ru, 22 апреля. URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2022/04/22/itprblms/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
National Defense Authorization Act. Section 1634 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018. H. R. 2810 — National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2810/text (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
China-Iran. OEC. URL: https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/irn (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Pargoo, M. (2019), Sanctions propel Iran in the global race for terminator-like AI, Atlantic Council*, April 2. URL: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/sanctions-propel-iran-in-the-global-race-for-terminator-like-ai/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
* Организация признана нежелательной в Российской Федерации.
Тегеран заявил о желании Европы купить иранские беспилотники (2023), РИА Новости, 26 августа. URL: https://ria.ru/20230826/bespilotniki-1892453937.html (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Musa Khani: The establishment of the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence will remove the country’s budget from oil dependence (2017), Iran student correspondent association, July 13. URL: https://clck.ru/39t6FV (дата обращения: 10.09.2023). (На фарси)
Digital Iran. National Roadmap Executive Summary 2020–2025. URL: http://irandigitaltransformation.ir/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Digital-Iran-Roadmap-Executive-Summary.pdf (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Draft national roadmap for the development of Artificial Intelligence (2021), Research institute of ICT, November. URL: https://clck.ru/39t6K9 (дата обращения: 10.09.2023). (На фарси)
Government AI Readiness 2021 by Oxford Insights. URL: https://www.oxfordinsights.com/s/Government_AI_Readiness_21.pdf (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Global AI Index 2021 by Tortoise Media. URL: https://www.tortoisemedia.com/intelligence/global-ai/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Nature Index 2020 Artificial Intelligence. URL: https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-ai/tables/countries (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Соглашение о намерениях между Правительством Российской Федерации и Акционерным обществом «Управляющая компания Российского фонда прямых инвестиций» по развитию высокотехнологичной отрасли «Искусственный интеллект» в Российской Федерации от 3 сентября 2019 г. № 1964-р. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/561124424 (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Постановление от 26 ноября 2018 г. № 1415 «О проведении эксперимента по эксплуатации на автодорогах высокоавтоматизированных транспортных средств». URL: http://government.ru/docs/34831/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Bolgov, R., Chugunov, A., Filatova O. and Misnikov, Y. (2014), Electronic identification of citizens: comparing perspectives and approaches, in: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, ICEGOV 2014; Guimaraes; Portugal; 27 October 2014 through 30 October 2014, pp. 484–485. https://doi.org/10.1145/2691195.2691245
Тимофеев И., Сокольщик Ю. и Морозов В. (2022), Санкции против Ирана: уроки для России в новых международных условиях, Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения, т. 15, вып. 4, с. 405–420. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.404
References
Bolgov, R. (2019), UN activities in the field of information and international aspects of Russian information security. Sravnitelnaya Politika — Comparative Politics, no. 1, pp. 59–69. https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2019-10004 (In Russian)
Bolgov, R., Filatova, O. and Yag’ya, V. (2018), The United Nations and Russian initiatives on international information security, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ICCWS 2018, pp. 31–38.
Filatova, O. and Bolgov, R. (2018), Strategic communication in the context of modern information confrontation: EU and NATO vs Russia and ISIS*, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ICCWS 2018, pp. 208–218.
* The organization is recognized as an extremist in Russian Federation.
Russia is now the world’s most sanctioned country (2022), Castellum.AI, March 8. Available at: https://www.castellum.ai/insights/russia-is-now-the-worlds-most-sanctioned-country (accessed: 10.09.2023).
Bolgov, R., Chernov, I., Katsy, D. and Ivannikov, I. (2019), Battle in Twitter: Comparative Analysis of Online Political Discourse (cases of Macron, Trump, Putin, and Medvedev), Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 947, pp. 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13283-5_28
Tkachenko, S., Zhiglinskaya Wyrsch, N. and Zheng, C. (2021), Technology platform competition between the United States and China: Decoupling and sanctions against Huawei, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, vol. 14, iss. 4, pp. 378–392.
Nakayama, S. (2012), Techno-Nationalism versus Techno-Globalism, East Asian Science. Technology and Society: An International Journal, no. 6 (1), pp. 9–15.
Capri, A. (2020), Techno-nationalism: The US-China tech innovation race, Hinrich Foundation, August. Available at: https://cvdvn.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/hinrich-foundation-techno-nationalism-and-the-us-china-tech-innovation-race-alex-capri-august-2020.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2023).
Bergsten, C. F. (2018), China and the United States: The contest for global economic leadership, China & World Economy, no. 26 (5), pp. 12–37.
Brooks, S. G. and Wohlforth, W. C. (2016), The rise and fall of the Great Powers in the twenty-first century: China’s rise and the fate of America’s global position, International Security, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 7–53.
Bezrukov, A., Mamonov, M., Suchkov M., Sushentsov, A. (2021), International Competition and Leadership in the Digital Environment. Valdai Club. Available at: https://ru.valdaiclub.com/files/36581/ (accessed: 10.09/2023). (In Russian)
Chen, J. (2017), Why Economic Sanctions on North Korea Fail to Work?, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500300
Shaw, M. (2022), The abyss gazes back: How North Korean propaganda interprets sanctions, threats and diplomacy, The Pacific Review, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 202–228.
Radu, R. (2021), Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: National strategies in perspective, Policy and Society, vol. 40, iss. 2, pp. 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
Reis, J., Espírito Santo, P. and Melão, N. (2021), Influence of artificial intelligence on public employment and its impact on politics: A systematic literature review, Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 18, no. 3, e20211114. https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM. 2021.010
Roche, C., Wall, P. J. and Lewis, D. (2022), Ethics and diversity in artificial intelligence policies, strategies and initiatives, AI Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00218-9
Salas-Pilco, S. Z. (2021), Comparison of National Artificial Intelligence (AI): Strategic Policies and Priorities, in: Keskin, T. and Kiggins, R. D. (eds), Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence, International Political Economy Series, Springer, pp. 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74420-5_9
Galindo, L., Perset, K. and Sheeka, F. (2021), An overview of national AI strategies and policies, OECD Going Digital Toolkit Notes, 14, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c05140d9-en
Van Berkel, N., Papachristos, E., Giachanou, A., Hosio, S. and Skov, M. B. (2020), A Systematic Assessment of National Artificial Intelligence Policies: Perspectives from the Nordics and Beyond in: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (NordiCHI ‘20). ACM, New York, USA. Article 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420106
Zupic, I. and Čater, T. (2015), Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization, Organizational Research Methods, vol. 18, iss. 3, pp. 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629
Aria, M. and Cuccurullo, C. (2017), bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis, Journal of Informetrics, no. 11, pp. 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Lan, Z. and Anders, K. (2000), A Paradigmatic View of Contemporary Public Administration Research: An Empirical Test, Administration & Society, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 138–165.
Dekker, R. and Bekkers, V. (2015), The contingency of governments’ responsiveness to the virtual public sphere: A systematic literature review and meta-synthesis, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.09.007
Jobin, A., Ienca, M. and Vayena, E. (2019), The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines, Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
National Program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” (2019). Available at: http://government.ru/info/35568/ (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 10, 2019 no. 490 “On the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation”. Available at: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72738946/???review (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 19, 2020 no. 2129-r “On approval of the Concept for the development of regulation of relations in the field of artificial intelligence technologies and robotics until 2024”. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_360681/7f2affb15ff9b9d6f75a9aa566d1b0646b3d2e94/ (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
A promising standardization program in the priority area “Artificial Intelligence” for the period 2021– 2024. Available at: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/28a4b183b4aee34051e85ddb3da87625/20201222.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Maria Zakharova at PHDays 11. Interview at the Positive Hack Days-2022 cybersecurity forum at WTC Moscow. May 18, 2022. Available at: https://wtcmoscow.ru/company/news/1495/ (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Sergeyev M. (2022), There is no one to ensure the technological sovereignty of Russia yet, Nezavisimaia gazeta, June 29. Available at: https://www.ng.ru/economics/2022-06-28/1_8472_sovereignty.html (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Hitting the number. What anti-Russian sanctions in the field of IT can turn out to be for the West (2022), Lenta.ru, April 22. Available at: https://lenta.ru/articles/2022/04/22/itprblms/ (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
National Defense Authorization Act. Section 1634 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018. H. R. 2810 — National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2810/text (accessed: 10.09.2023).
China-Iran. OEC. Available at: https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/irn (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Pargoo, M. (2019), Sanctions propel Iran in the global race for terminator-like AI, Atlantic Council*, April 2. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/sanctions-propel-iran-in-the-global-race-for-terminator-like-ai/ (accessed: 10.09.2023).
* The organization is recognized as undesirable in Russian Federation.
Tehran announced Europe’s desire to buy Iranian drones (2023), RIA Novosti, August 26. Available at: https://ria.ru/20230826/bespilotniki-1892453937.html (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Musa Khani: The establishment of the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence will remove the country’s budget from oil dependence (2017), Iran student correspondent association, July 13. Available at: https://clck.ru/39t6FV (дата обращения: 10.09.2023). (In Farsi)
Digital Iran. National Roadmap Executive Summary 2020–2025. Available at: http://irandigitaltransformation.ir/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Digital-Iran-Roadmap-Executive-Summary.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2023).
Draft national roadmap for the development of Artificial Intelligence (2021), Research institute of ICT, November. Available at: https://clck.ru/39t6K9 (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Farsi)
Government AI Readiness 2021 by Oxford Insights. Available at: https://www.oxfordinsights.com/s/Government_AI_Readiness_21.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2023).
Global AI Index 2021 by Tortoise Media. Available at: https://www.tortoisemedia.com/intelligence/global-ai/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2023).
Nature Index 2020 Artificial Intelligence. Available at: https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-ai/tables/countries (accessed: 10.09.2023).
Agreement of intent between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Joint Stock Company “Managing Company of the Russian Direct Investment Fund” for the development of the high-tech field “Artificial Intelligence” in the Russian Federation dated September 3, 2019, no. 1964-r. Available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/561124424 (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Decree of November 26, 2018 no. 1415 “On conducting an experiment on the operation of highly automated vehicles on roads”. Available at: http://government.ru/docs/34831/ (accessed: 10.09.2023). (In Russian)
Bolgov, R., Chugunov, A., Filatova O. and Misnikov, Y. (2014), Electronic identification of citizens: comparing perspectives and approaches, in: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, ICEGOV 2014; Guimaraes; Portugal; 27 October 2014 through 30 October 2014, pp. 484–485. https://doi.org/10.1145/2691195.2691245
Timofeev, I., Sokolshchik, Y. and Morozov, V. (2022), Sanctions against Iran: lessons for Russia in the new international context, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, vol. 15, iss. 4, pp. 405420. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.404 (In Russian)
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
